Biotechnological production of 2-phenylethanol from agro-industrial wastes for foods and flavouring applications
Résumé
This study evaluates the use of apple pomace and whey as low-cost, bio-based substrates for the growth of the yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS600, used for sustainable production of a high value aroma compound, 2- phenylethanol (2-PE). Among the waste streams used as carbon and energy source for yeast growth, apple pomace resulted in the highest 2-PE productivity in shake flasks, reaching a concentration of 1.07 g/L in 24 h, while its upscaling to a 1-L bioreactor led to 1.60 g/L in 68 h. In addition, fermentation of acid whey supplemented with yeast extract and minerals for growth purposes significantly improved the bioconversion, leading to 2.64 g/L of 2-PE in 72 h. Using a membrane-based solvent extraction system, 2-PE was efficiently recovered from a defined fermentation medium without impacting cell viability. This method shows promise for extracting 2-PE from waste streams-based fermentation processes. Furthermore, a techno-economic assessment showed that 2-PE production from apple pomace displays a high profitability, with a unit production cost of US$245/kg and an internal rate of return of 13.8%. Hence, this study shows that 2-PE production by fermentation is a sustainable and economically viable process that can contribute to a circular bioeconomy by valorizing agro-industrial residues.
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