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                <term xml:lang="fr">maladies telluriques</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">glucosinolates</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Brassicas</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">mycorrhizes</term>
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              <p>Brassicas contain glucosinolates (GSL) which decomposition is able to reduce the growth of populations of soil-borne fungi, bacterias or nematodes. These biocid effects on soil-borne microorganisms make a form of allelopathy phenomenon. The allelopathic properties depends on the GLS composition of the Brassicas: Indian mustard and in a lower extend Oilseed rape could have the most powerfull action, White mustard would have a weaker action. These properties also depends on crop residues: green manure with quick decomposition would result with a higher action than crop residues after grain harvest.The main mechanisms are known. In vitro, isothiocyanates obtained from the GSL decomposition inhibit all the phases of the cycle of Aphanomyces eutiches, the fungus responsible for root rot of peas. The mycelian growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis tritici, the fungus responsible for the wheat take all is inhibited by some isothyocyanates at low concentration. Furthermore, several studies give the evidence that the incorporation of Brassicas residues into the soil does inhibit the growth of both soil-borne pathogens. At last, the presence of roots of Brassicas inhibits the germination of the mycorhizes known to improve the mineral nutrition of its host plant. This phenomenon could explain the depressive effect of oilseed rape on the nutrition of a subsequent maize.This knowledge of Brassicas effects into cropping systems offers issues for a better management of precedent effects of Brassicas; these effects being positive (integrated crop protection) or negative (management of subsequent crop nutrition after Brassicas).</p>
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              <p>Les brassicacées contiennent  des glucosinolates (GSL) dont la décomposition est en mesure de réduire la croissance despopulations de telluriques champignons, bactéries ou nématodes. Ces effets biocides sur les microorganismes telluriques se traduisent par une forme de phénomène d'allélopathie. Les propriétés allélopathiques dépendent de la composition en GLS des brassicacées :  la moutarde indienne et dans une moindre extension le colza pourraient être les plus efficaces, la moutarde blanche aurait une action plus faible. Ces propriétés dépendent aussi des résidus de la culture : les engrais vert à décomposition rapide se traduiront par une action plus élevée que les résidus de céréales. Les principaux mécanismes sont connus. In vitro, les isothiocyanates obtenus à partir de la décomposition des GSL inhibent toutes les phases du cycle de Aphanomyces eutiches, le champignon responsable de la pourriture des racines de pois. La croissance mycélienne de Gaeumannomyces graminis tritici, le champignon responsable du piétin échaudage du blé, est inhibée par certains isothyocyanates à faible concentration. En outre, plusieurs études montrent que l'incorporation de résidus de brassicacées dans les sols inhibe la croissance de ces deux agents pathogènes telluriques. Enfin, la présence de racines de brassicacées inhibe la germination des mycorhizes, connus pour améliorer la nutrition minérale de la plante hôte. Ce phénomène pourrait expliquer l'effet dépressif du colza sur la nutrition d'une culture de maïs suivante. Ces connaissance relatives aux effets des brassicacées dans les systèmes de culture suggère des pistes  pour une meilleure gestion des effets précédents des brassicacées, que ces effets soient positifs (protection intégrée des cultures) ou négatifs (gestion de l'alimentation minérale d'une culture suivant une brassicacée.</p>
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